Iron Over the Hudson: Adaptive Reuse and Public Space on a Gargantuan Scale

The Walkway over the Hudson. The Walkway over the Hudson as seen from Poughkeepsie.

A Mark on the Land

No matter where you stand along the waterfront of Poughkeepsie, NY, the colossal lattice of iron and steel is impossible to miss. It commands the landscape, towering over the skyline of this small Hudson River city as it vaults across the water's wide expanse. The gargantuan structure is so large it almost seems to form a wall dividing the mammoth river valley. Even here, some 80 miles (130km) north of New York City, the Hudson River remains startlingly wide. The crossing, however, manages to draw a straight line across the top of the riverine canyon, connecting the cliff tops on one side to the high bluffs on the other. The result is a structure that, from river level, feels preposterously tall—especially given its immense length and scale. Gazing up, the iron edifice feels like the apotheosis of the late-Victorian industrial age. Its eye-beguiling dazzle of trusses seems to stand as a testament to the power of human ingenuity to brute force its way across any chasm, no matter how wide. At the same time, however, for all its bravado, the structure still somehow feels right at home amongst the steep hills and dense forests of the Hudson Valley. Perhaps the crossing simply needed all the dramatic might it could muster to stand up to the ostentatious natural majesty that surrounds it.

This immense mass of girders is—or at least, was—the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge, and it stands as a true landmark in every sense of the term. With a length of 1.3 miles (1.2km) and a height reaching 212 feet (65m) above the river below, the structure is an inescapable visual presence. For nearly a century, it was a vital link in America's freight rail network: the only place south of Albany—the state capital some 150 miles (240km) north of New York City—that heavy freight trains could cross the Hudson River. Between its size, its presence, and its import, the bridge has been something of a symbol of Poughkeepsie from the day it opened. The crossing's productive career, however, would come to a sudden and ignominious end in 1974. Left abruptly purposeless, the bridge would sit abandoned for nearly 35 years, left to rust away in the sky like a relic of a long-lost civilization—a titanic elegy to an industrial economy that was no more.

Urban Alchemy: Starlight Park and the Nature of the Central Bronx

Starlight Park

"Bucolic" usually isn't the first word that comes to mind when thinking of the Bronx. Sure, those of us who know the borough well can easily summon to mind verdant images, but those are usually limited to specific locations, such as the tony neighborhood of Riverdale, or the massive Van Cortlandt or Pelham Bay Parks. The central Bronx, in contrast, would seem to most to be the exact opposite. Like most people's image of the borough as a whole, the central Bronx is incredibly and indelibly urban. And yet it is here, amongst a seemingly endless sea of highways, elevated trains, and densely-packed, slightly-worse-for-wear apartment buildings, that one can find one of the most serenely beautiful new spots in the entire city: Starlight Park.

Of course, Starlight Park isn't actually all that new: the first section of the rehabbed rounds opened a full ten years ago, in 2013. The park, however, is still just as astonishing now as it was the day it opened, a stunning oasis smack dab in the middle of somewhere that rarely sees such dramatic investments in the public realm. And yet, for all its grandeur, the existing Starlight Park was only ever supposed to be the first phase of a larger project, one which would wind up ultimately taking the better part of a decade to come to fruition. Just recently, however, in May of 2023, Starlight Park was finally completed, opening a new extension to the far shore of the Bronx River. This not only added new acreage and amenities, but worked to connect the park to more neighborhoods in more ways, most dramatically by helping to fashion a new, multipurpose green corridor through the heart of the urban Bronx. As anyone who works with cities will tell you, urban transformation can be a tricky thing to do right. Starlight Park and its new extension, however, demonstrate just what can be accomplished when cities invest in their public realm, especially in the neighborhoods—and for the people—that need it the most.

InstaBlog: A (Lonely) Canal Runs in Indy

The Indianapolis Canal Walk, located right near the city's downtown, is often described in glowing terms, not only as one of the city's gems, but as a rare example of rust belt urban regeneration done well.  There is no doubt that it is a pretty place, leaning hard into its image as a faux Venice of the Midwest.  Sadly, however, it seems far less impactful than glossy photos might have you believe.

The waterway itself has an almost hilariously tragic history: planned in the midst of the Erie Canal boom, the Indianapolis Central Canal was designed to help connect the Great Lakes to the Ohio River, traveling some 296 miles (476km).  When the project finally went bankrupt around a decade later, however, only a bare 8 miles (13km) of canal had actually been built—most of that in the city proper.  In fact, the only reason the canal still exists today is that, for many years, it was repurposed as part of the city's water supply system. By the mid-1980s, the southernmost portion of the canal had become redundant—just in time to be sold to the city.  At the time, Indianapolis was in the midst of an expensive attempt at downtown regeneration, spending heavily on a strategy of sports stadiums, convention center space, and recreational facilities.  As part of this, the canal would be extensively rebuilt into an urban destination: a grand park connecting the growing IU Health hospital campus to the north with White River State park in the south.

Walking the canal path in early March of this year, it certainly looks the part.  Extensively landscaped on both banks, it is lined with apartments, hotels, museums, and government offices.  A series of intentionally quaint pedestrian bridges cross the water at regular intervals, and the path is connected to the street grid above at every road crossing.  Visually, the design is very New Urbanist—and that is largely meant as a compliment.

There was just one problem with this scenic vista, however: there was no one there.  Sure, late winter in Indiana is clearly out of season for an outdoor attraction, and the weather was hovering around freezing, with transient flurries.  Plenty of other urban public spaces across the world, however, find ways to attract so many more people even in far worse conditions. While the path is in decent enough shape, a general lack of maintenance only added to the post-apocalyptic ambiance.  Although a lot of money was clearly spent to create this place, it now can often feel uncared for, dotted with the occasional crumbling brick wall or graffitied sign.

InstaBlog: Small City Buses Done Right in Charlottetown, PE

While staying in Charlottetown, the capital and primary city of Canada's Prince Edward Island, one of the things I knew I had to do was check out the local bus system. And honestly, for a small city of around 40,000 people, I have to admit I was mightily impressed. Charlottetown transit offers a number of important lessons on how to build effective transit in all sorts of smaller and often less-urban places.

A bus in downtown Charlottetown

Of course, when I say transit "system," in this case, I really mean a single route. While the local operator, T3 ("Take Transit Today") offers a handful of highly limited local routes similar to many small US bus systems, its secret lies in its primary route, the #1 along University Ave, which offers frequent service from the Confederation Centre downtown out to the Charlottetown Mall. For most of the day on weekdays, Route 1 runs every 15 minutes—just frequent enough to allow for easy, show-up-and-go service. Better still, because the route is only half an hour long, two buses can offer clockface service from each terminal (that is, buses leave the terminals at the same times every hour), making riding easy. Service also continues comparatively late into the evening, with a bus every half hour from 7-10:30PM.

A map of T3's bus services.

By the standards of even many large US transit systems, this level of service and freedom is revelatory. And as a result, the system is not merely a social service for the poor, but simply a fact of live, serving all types of riders on all types of trips. Ridership feels amazingly strong and amazingly diverse for such a small place. Better still, the route manages to carry people across a variety of urban textures, as well. While downtown Charlottetown is a small, traditionally urban (and thus tremendously walkable) place, much of the city spread out into the standard North American sprawl of strip malls and subdivisions. Even here, however, transit use is strong, leading to a healthy pedestrian presence on the ground that you can feel, even when crossing deeply off-putting arterial roads.

Talk: The Symbiotic Intersection of Transit and Public Space (TransitCon 2022)

At the end of January, I was honored to speak at the second annual TransitCon, a "...free, virtual transit conference for all, featuring the brightest minds in public transit." As those who follow my work will know, the interaction between transit and the public realm is something I spend much of my energy exploring and explaining. To that end, the topic of my talk was a no-brainer: The Symbiotic Intersection of Transit and Public Space. As I described it:

Few factors affect the shape and function of a city's public realm more than its transportation network. All too often, however, the transit world overlooks vital issues of public space. This talk will explore the symbiotic relationship between transit and public space, examining how transit shapes the public realm, looking at how busy transit nodes can become major centers for everyday urban life, and discussing how planners, engineers, and organizations can begin to improve the quality of the public realm under their stewardship.

Now, the video of this talk is available for all to watch! Enjoy:

InstaBlog: Zionsville, IN's Public Library

Author's note: Warning—this is a blog-style post based on a social media post. Beware typos and poorly elucidated thoughts. For more polish, perhaps try an article!

Last month, while visiting a good friend in Indiana, I had a chance to explore the Hussey-Mayfield Memorial Public Library in Zionsville, IN. A small suburb of Indianapolis, I wasn't quite sure what to expect from the town's public library—even if (as always) I was excited to investigate it as a public space. As I walked through its spacious halls, however, I found myself suitably impressed. Hussey-Mayfield is a great example of how libraries can serve as vital parts of our public realm, and is the type of facility that every community deserves.

The first thing that blew me away was the amount of space. Of course, as my friend Chris Jones rightly teased, this is what can happen when a New Yorker used to cramped confines heads to Midwest. Still, the building just seems to keep on going and going—in part a result of a 2006 addition to the original 1994 building. As such, it is an enjoyable place to simply explore.

Riding the Red Line: Why Indianapolis May Now Be America's New Gold Standard for Bus Rapid Transit

Taking a Critical Dive into Indianapolis's New Bus Rapid Transit Line
A red line bus arrives at Broad Ripple station A red line bus arrives at Broad Ripple station

Bus Rapid Transit tends to get a bad rap in the United States. In theory, BRT—that is, a bus system that operates like a train, with clear stations, off-board fare payment, (preferably) dedicated lanes, signal priority, and the like—seems like an ideal technology. It should not only allow cities to build high-quality transit, but allow them to do so quickly and inexpensively, leveraging their existing road space, expertise in road construction, and familiarity with bus operations. In actual practice, however, BRT in the United States has largely been disappointing. All too often, American BRT projects have suffered something of a death by a thousand cuts. Slowly but surely, conflict-adverse politicians and locals hostile to change chisel away at once-grand plans, removing a bus lane here, reducing the size of stations there, reducing service everywhere, and so on. As a result, the final systems are frequently a double compromise: transit that is not only a step down in capacity and comfort from rail, but which has been so thoroughly diluted as to seem like little more than an extravagantly branded local bus line. In American transportation circles, this phenomenon is so sadly common that it even has a name: BRT creep.

Nothing about this process, however, needs to be endemic to bus rapid transit. While it may be surprisingly easy to implement BRT poorly, when it is implemented well—that is, when it offers a quality service that travels to and from the places that people want and need to go—it is a powerful transportation tool, one especially suited to less dense cities and/or less busy routes. To illustrate that point, perhaps no American city to date has implemented BRT better than Indianapolis, IN. While this mid-sized, Midwestern city may not be the first name that comes to mind when one thinks of quality of public transportation, its new Red Line—the first of its three planned BRT routes—is actually a sterling example of how to do transit investment right. Indianapolis has demonstrated that, even in the face of a hostile political environment and physical landscape, it is possible to build effective, high-quality transit—transit that is legible, fast, frequent, easy to use, and which supports a diversity of ridership. As the Red Line shows, while the path to BRT success is not necessarily easy, the route itself is not particularly complex: all it takes is the institutional attention to detail—and the local political will—to put riders at the fore. Of course, no system is perfect, and the Red Line does still have some kinks to work out. On the whole, however, it stands as an object lesson in how to implement truly high-quality transit in a low-density city on a tight budget. It may well be this country's new gold standard for bus rapid transit.

Silent and Surreal: Inside the Old Croton Aqueduct

Critical—and admittedly romantic—urban impressions of the Old Croton Aqueduct, present and past, outside and in.
One of the most important pieces of infrastructure in New York's history, the famous channel now exists as a strange, glorious ruin, nearly hidden in plain sight. Travel inside, and you submerge into a landscape that is at once alien and oddly human—urban history writ on a monumental scale.

More than thirty miles north of Midtown Manhattan, deep in New York State's Westchester County, the Sing Sing Kill cuts a jagged, rocky ravine into the steep, riverine countryside. A small creek, it winds its way through the equally small town of Ossining, its waters carving out a succession of scenic vistas as they make their way down to the Hudson River. Its name alone is arresting. A dramatic juxtaposition, it combines the anglicized name of a Native American tribe—before it was appropriated, this land belonged to the Sintsink, part of the larger Algonquin-speaking Wappinger—with kill, an old Dutch word for creek. What has truly made the name infamous, however, is the metonymic prison which still stands near the stream's mouth. Indeed, by the turn of the Twentieth Century, the idiom "to be sent up the river"—that is, to be sentenced to Sing Sing Prison—had become so ubiquitous that the village itself decided to change its name to Ossining, just to avoid the association.

Unusual nomenclature, however, is only a part of what makes the small waterway worthy of note. A larger piece comes in the form of the towering, wall-like monolith which just so happens to intersect its course right in the middle of town. Built of well-weathered stone, the structure bursts from the ravine's rocky walls and soars across the creek's valley with an unmistakable human straightness. But while the crossing is clearly a product of engineering skill, its rough-hewn stone walls and rugged, aged demeanor also grant it an air of natural permanence, as if it has stood here since time immemorial. The grand viaduct bridges the kill itself by way of an impressive masonry arch—a spot known to locals as the Double Arch, thanks to the later stone arch bridge built underneath the original, larger one. By any measure, it is an impressive sight.

Left: The Double Arch as seen in a 1907 postcard. (Courtesy of Wikipedia)
Right:The arches today, seen from above and behind.

What truly makes this spot unique, however, is what that monolith contains. As you may have already surmised from the title of this piece, the crossing carries within its walls the former channel of the Old Croton Aqueduct, one of the most important pieces of infrastructure in New York City's history. More than that, however, this viaduct also offers the only place that a visitor can actually set foot inside this remarkable (and remarkably intact) structure. For anyone with even the slightest inkling of romanticism for either urban infrastructure or urban history, the trip is a surreal and affecting experience, one well worthy of the journey upstate.

Urban Fragments in a Sea of Suburbs: Critical Impressions of Three Neighborhoods in Indianapolis

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Author's note: This is a collection of three articles already published, now in one place!

Overview and Broad Ripple Village

Indianapolis had, for quite some time, been one of those cities which stuck in the back of my mind: a place I had an interest in exploring, but could never quite pin a reason on why—a feeling I think may be very familiar to those who study cities. Over this past summer, thanks to a new local friend, I finally had the opportunity to indulge that interest, and visit parts of the city and its environs. My timing was far from perfect: not only was my trip brief, but it came only a little more than a month before the opening of the city's new bus rapid transit Red Line. Still, the city has a lot going for it, and hopefully someday soon I will have to opportunity to return and do some more in-depth study.

In physical terms, Indianapolis is a predominantly suburban, auto-focused city—even more so than many of its similar Midwestern siblings. Of course, like almost every older American city, it did once have a large, thriving streetcar network, but much of the region's physical growth seems to have come at the tail end of the streetcar era and at the dawn of the age of auto-dominance. As such, outside of the downtown—most of which I sadly did not have time to explore on this trip—there is sadly little traditional urban fabric. Worse still, outside of downtown's famous Mile Square, much of what once did exist has been razed, either for urban expressways or in the name of progress. Even in outlying neighborhoods that developed before the car, the rigid separation of commercial and residential buildings and the reification of the detached, single family home are paramount. As you research the city, you are told that, thanks to the absence of natural boundaries and ethnic enclaves, most neighborhoods have fuzzy boundaries—if they exist in more than name, at all. The city can seem a uniform tapestry of large roads and suburban houses, sprawling in every direction.

Urban Impressions: Zionsville, IN (Indianapolis Part 3)

Part 3 of Urban Impressions: Indianapolis. See also Part One and Part Two.

To be honest, Zionsville, IN is not the type of place I would normally explore, let alone analyze in depth. In fact, had I not been staying in this small, rural-turned-suburban town just northwest of Indianapolis, I might not have paid it a second thought. Sitting right outside Interstate 465—the gigantic, square beltway that surrounds the city—Zionsville is one of the epicenters of suburban growth in greater Indianapolis. Its population has been exploding, nearly doubling in the past ten years alone. But while the town is mainly suburban, what makes it truly unique—not to mention economically successful—is its quasi urban core. Zionsville is centered on a quaint, compact downtown full of quirky shops—all of which are supported by acre after acre of nigh-exurban single family housing developments and big box stores. It should, by all rights, be a place I loathe, one that sells itself on its small-town-America charm, its driving proximity to central Indianapolis, and its tourist friendly nature. And yet, as with anything related to cities—even small ones—nothing is so simple, nor so clear cut.

Of course, some of this may well be Stockholm syndrome. After a few days of suburban Indiana, downtown Zionsville's urban nature—no matter how kitschy or artificial—offered a welcome respite. Having somewhat likened parts of Indianapolis's Fountain Square neighborhood to a theme park, I am painfully aware of my own potential hypocrisy. After all, no matter how troubling I find some of that neighborhood's development trends, it is still a long-struggling urban neighborhood striving to be more—and that is something that should be commended. In contrast, a place like Zionsville exists upon far more artifice: a cynical mind would not be entirely wrong to see its cute downtown as little more than an artisanal mall for rich, white suburbanites. And yet, just as a large part of me was uncomfortable with a cynical characterization of Fountain Square, I cannot bring myself to be fully smug and dismissive of this town, either. Zionsville is a far harder circle to square than it may appear at first glance. On the one hand, it is a surprisingly functional, delightfully gorgeous, nearly urban place, full of interesting shops and interacting people. The town stands as a shining example of the quasi-urban desires of the suburban class: of just how many otherwise proud suburban- and exurbanites still often seek out urban-like forms, at least on their own terms. On the other hand, however, the town is also a place founded upon rural and suburban fantasies of town life, on boutique consumption, and exclusion. In other words, Zionsville is a product of inseparable contradictions—and that, perhaps more than anything else, makes it quintessentially American.

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